TumblerBlog.com - A Thai political and current affairs blog

Thais’ Distrust of the Uneducated Runs Deep

tumblerblog — Tue, 02 Mar 2010 02:12:26 +0000

Do you think the supposed political rift between the urban middle-class and the rural villagers in Thailand is a relatively modern phenomenon? You also think that the PAD’s infamous 70-30 proposal was the ultimate manifestation of the urbanites’ contempt towards the “uneducated” Thaksin admirers? Think again.

In the 2008 book How East Asians View Democracy by Chu et al., the editors compile results of many ground-level studies in several Asian countries on the topic of people’s attitudes towards democratic values*. Of all the findings reported in the book, the one that particularly strikes me is the respondents’ answers to this question:

“Do you agree or disagree: People with little or no education should have as much say in politics as highly educated people?”

The replies, grouped according to countries, are presented in the table below. The figures represent those who agreed with the above statement.

Japan	90.3%
Hong Kong	90.1%
Korea	72.2%
Taiwan	90.2%
China	91.6%
Philippines	55.4%
Mongolia	83.0%
Thailand	15.0%

Yes you read that right. Only 15% of Thai respondents agreed that people with little or no education should have as much say in politics as highly educated people. What is most interesting here is not really the shockingly low figure but the fact that respondents had been chosen using a sampling procedure random enough so as not to create a bias toward either the urbanites or the countryside inhabitants. Most importantly, the Thai part of the study was done way back in 2001, when Thaksin was actually a hero for many in the Bangkok middle-class fed up with the previous Democrat regime. No one was complaining about stupid villagers back then.

So what does this actually mean? I would say that one conclusion we can reasonably draw from this finding is Thais, whether from urban or rural areas, tend to over-value education, believing that people with degrees are the most capable of solving political problems. Readers may still remember the notorious clause in the 1997 Constitution which required MPs to hold at least a Bachelor’s degree. The finding also shows that this distrust of the uneducated is part of the Thai mindset which began long before the Thaksin era, although arguably the rise of Thaksin exacerbated it.

Of course, the way the question was phrased may have been a problem. The “have as much say in politics” part may have been interpreted by respondents as “to have the same amount of input into discussions” or “to be given equal importance in policy-making” rather than something more concrete such as “to have equal political rights” (which the PAD’s 70-30 plan explicitly set out to undermine). Yet it does not change the fact that education (or more specifically, degrees) forms an unreasonably big part of most Thais’ judgement of a person.

Complete a doctorate from abroad, and you are set for a life of joy and easy success in the Land of Smile.

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NOTES:

* In the book, the authors reveal that the Thai part of the survey was carried out by the King Prajadhipok’s Institute, which they describe as “an independent, publicly-funded research institute chartered by the Thai Parliament.”

Making Sense of the Supreme Court’s Verdict (by Patiwat)

tumblerblog — Sat, 27 Feb 2010 01:21:42 +0000

Thaksin Shinawatra (photo credit: The Nation)

The following is an excellent round-up and analysis of the Supreme Court’s historic ruling on the Bt7.6 bn Thaksin assets seizure case. It was written by one of my online friends who wishes to be known only as “Patiwat”. I have asked for and obtained permission from him to re-publish his essay here in full, with only minor spelling/grammatical corrections. While the author’s main purpose is to provide a quick and accessible summary of the verdict for those who may not have the time on their hands to go through the original texts, he has included enough details to ensure that readers will thoroughly understand what is going on. Click “read more” below for what definitely promises to be a good read.

=======================================

Making Sense of the Supreme Court’s Verdict

by… Patiwat

I’ve spent several hours parsing the Supreme Court’s infallible, but dense, verdict. With all due respect to my journalist friends, the press has been pretty useless in helping me make sense of things. Since I’m not very smart, I have to write things down to make sense of them. And since my narcolepsy gets worse when I go to bed confused, I have to do this now rather than in some “normal” time. So here’s MY take on things, done NPOV-style.*

CONTEXT
The nine Supreme Court judges had to make a judgment on accusations of “policy corruption,” a term first articulated by the People’s Alliance for Democracy, with no legal precedent either in either Thailand or abroad. Policy corruption, as defined by the Yellow Shirts, was abuse of power by implementing economic policies that, while in themselves legal and of potential benefit to society and the economy, also aided companies that were owned in part by the policy maker.** The prosecution claimed that Thaksin abused his powers thus 5 times while Premier.

VERDICT
The court first ruled that Thaksin and Potjaman were the “real owners” of the frozen assets, rather than his children and relatives (who legally owned most of the assets). The court also ruled that it had the authority to seize assets, based on the announcements of the junta (this authority had not existed prior to the 2006 coup).

Count 1) Conversion of telecom concession fees into excise charges. Previously, telecom operators had to pay the TOT/CAT a percentage of their revenue as a concession fee (TOT/CAT are state enterprises owned by the government). The Thaksin government modified this into a system wherein all operators would instead directly pay the government an equivalent excise tax. Thaksin claimed that all operators continued to pay the same total costs. The judges ruled that this benefited AIS while harming the TOT, and thus was an abuse of power. The fact that the government would benefit in equal proportion to the harm inflicted on TOT was deemed not relevant.

Count 2) Modification of a revenue sharing agreement on pre-paid mobile services. Previously, telecom operators had to pay the TOT a percentage of their revenues for post-paid mobile services. To offer pre-paid services, which generally cost less to the consumer, AIS negotiated with TOT to design a revenue sharing agreement for pre-paid services that offered less revenue to the TOT. The judges ruled that the terms of the pre-paid agreement harmed TOT while benefiting AIS. The judges did not dispute the fact that TOT’s total revenue increased substantially as a result of the agreement, but noted that the rise in pre-paid revenue came about while harming TOT’s post-paid revenue. The massive growth in Thai mobile penetration from 13% in 2001 to 80% in 2007, due almost completely to pre-paid services, and the reduction in AIS market share from 68% to 53% in the same period were not taken into account by the court.

Count 3) Modification of mobile roaming agreement. Previously, there were no roaming agreements between mobile operators – subscribers from one operator were not allowed to use services on another operator’s network, thus limiting the growth of the mobile industry. Under the Thaksin government, roaming was allowed, with roaming fees deducted from the revenue that AIS and other operators had to share with TOT and other state enterprises. Essentially, TOT helped AIS shoulder the costs of its subscribers roaming on the mobile networks of other operators. This reduced TOT and CAT’s income while benefiting the operators. However, the judges ruled that while it benefited AIS, it did so to the benefit of AIS’s new owners (Temasek Holdings) rather than Thaksin, and hence was not an abuse of power.

Count 4) Replacement of ThaiCom 4 with iPSTAR. A previous government had originally contracted with ShinSat to launch and operate ThaiCom 4 as a backup satellite for ThaiCom 3. Instead, ShinSat negotiated with the Thaksin government to launch iPSTAR, at the time the largest commercial satellite in history, which it claimed could offer commercial internet services while also providing backup for ThaiCom 3. Shin Corp’s ownership in ShinSat was subsequently reduced from 51% to 40%. The judges found that the changes in ownership and satellite specification change reduced Thailand’s communications security. It also noted that the negotiations allowed ShinSat to launch a satellite with much greater commercial potential than ThaiCom 4 without having to bid for a separate concession agreement.

Count 5) EXIM Bank loan to Myanmar to pay for ThaiCom services. Thaksin met with Burmese leaders to negotiate trade deals between the two countries. One of the deals negotiated gave Myanmar a Thai EXIM Bank loan to purchase 376 million baht in satellite services from ShinSat. Thaksin noted that many deals were struck in the negotiations, and that 16 other companies also benefited from the EXIM Bank’s loans. The judges ruled that the loans gave preferential treatment to ShinSat, and hence were an abuse of power.

PENALTY
The court found Thaksin guilty of 4 out of 5 counts of policy corruption, and ordered that 46 billion in his assets be seized. The remaining 30 billion continued to remain frozen, as they had been for the past 3.5 years.

The judges said they decided to seize 46 billion because it was the difference in value of Shin Corp. shares from the date before he came to office and the value when the shares were sold to Singapore’s Temasek Holdings in early 2006. During that time, Shin Corp shares increased from 38 to 104 baht (an increase of 173 per cent) while the stock price of Shin Satellite fell. In the same period, the Stock Exchange of Thailand index rose 161 per cent.

IMPLICATIONS
The verdict sets a very low bar for what constitutes policy corruption. Since Abhisit’s father sits on the Board of CP Foods, accusations of policy corruption could possibly occur if government programs were devised to promote the development of the Thai food industry. Dick Cheney’s Halliburton stock options while in office also come to mind. Only those whose family members have no private employment/income or equity holdings would be free from blame.

That being said, the “network” hypotheses leave the possibility that policy corruption will be only one of a variety of tools very selectively chosen to defeat enemies of the state.

The method of calculating the penalty shows an obvious lack of economic finesse, but one’s expectations cannot be too high on such matters. More important is the fact that sooner rather than later, 30 billion baht in funds that had been frozen for the past 3.5 years could be returned to Thaksin’s coffers. The fact that this would be allowed goes entirely against the world view that Thaksin’s money is the lifeline of the red shirts and that cutting off this lifeline is a neccesary condition to restoring peace to the land. There is no end to surprises in Thai politics.

NOTES
* Neutral Point of View, a style of writing that represents fairly, proportionately, and as far as possible without bias, all significant views that have been published by reliable relevant sources. I use it to make sense of the facts – and only then do I go and form my opinions. It also happens to be the style required by Wikipedia.
** My cousin compares policy corruption to a situation where a village headman in a village with 100 house holds and 101 buffalos (one of which is owned by the headman) uses government funds to buy an unused plot of land and allows the 101 buffalos to eat grass on the plot. The headman’s buffalo is benefiting from his own policy decision, and is guilty of policy corruption.

SOURCES
Bangkok Pundit, Live blog: Thaksin Assets seizure case
http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/02/26/politics/Timeline-on-Thaksins-Judgement-Day-30123503.html
http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/02/23/politics/Its-tricky-one-Thaksin-case-has-no-legal-precedent-30123215.html
http://www.thaksinlive.com/2010/02/headlines/722
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra#References

GT200 Conclusion: Big Names Exposed

tumblerblog — Sat, 20 Feb 2010 00:30:25 +0000

(photo credit: Andrew Drummond’s blog)

If there is anything we have gained from the whole GT200 scandal at all, it could be the fact that this crazy saga has cruelly exposed just how incompetent some of our most influential public figures today are. This post is just a compilation of some of the ‘big names’ who have fallen victim to the most laughable, yet shocking, scam to have hit Thailand in recent years.

(Click “read the rest of this entry” to see their names and what they said)

PM Abhisit: Initially came out to defend the device, showing his impressive array of scientific knowledge by saying that the GT200 “relies on static charges within the body of the user” which means that “if the user hasn’t had enough rest or is not well-prepared, the detector’s effectiveness will be reduced” (source). Should be credited for eventually making a U-turn and playing a part in putting the GT200 through scientific tests (which they subsequently failed).

Deputy PM Suthep: Has said, among other things, that he was “not so anxious” about concerns raised about the detectors because “other countries also used the GT200″(source). Also tried to quell the worries over the GT 200 by saying that Thailand uses “a different brand” from the device that the BBC had earlier exposed as a fraud (source).

Dr Pornthip: The celebrity pathologist has been a staunch defender of the GT200. The most memorable quotes include, “[The GT200] was effective when searching for bombs and even nails under water.” (source), and “It is not a scientific device and the most important variable is the human operator.” (source). One wonders how much, if any, credibility she will have left after this whole soap opera.

Army chief Anupong: In response to reporters’ angry questions about the GT200, he shot back: “Is the company using you to ask these questions?” (source)

Justice Minister Peeraphan: Made an unbelievable remark after scientific tests confirmed the GT200’s inability to detect anything. He said, “The suspicious point is that if the GT200 device does not work and is of no quality then this device would be unable to detect any bombs, but in the test it was able to detect the bombs 4 times, but not in 16 instances. Therefore, it is necessary to find the reason.” (source)

Last but not least, Science and Technology Minister Khunying Ganlaya: During her special lecture to Thai students in a seminar at Imperial College London on 30 January, she was asked by a participant what she thought about the then-ongoing GT200 scandal. Having tried to dodge the question at first, she eventually said, “Regarding people’s beliefs, some kinds of beliefs are harmless. If these beliefs make people comfortable, we should just leave them alone, shouldn’t we? Some people are happy to worship trees, for example. We don’t need to disturb them, do we?”

(เรื่องความเชื่อนะคะถ้าความเชื่อไหนที่ทำแล้วสบายใจ เราก็ควรปล่อยให้เค้าทำ จริงมั้ยคะ อย่างบางคนไหว้ต้นไม้แล้วสบายใจ ก็ไม่ต้องไปยุ่งกับเค้าใช่มั้ยคะ) (source, in Thai)

Ok. I repeat. She is the SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Minister in the Abhisit government for crying out loud. I suggest the opposition Peua Thai Party file a censure motion against her right now, preferably in addition to an impeachment motion.

And just to conclude, does anyone need to be reminded that out of the six individuals listed above, four are members of the party that “highly educated Thais” allegedly tend to vote for?

GT200: The Only Remaining Obstacle

tumblerblog — Fri, 19 Feb 2010 01:08:20 +0000

From this report in The Nation, we can see why the army will continue to use the GT200 device in its daily operations despite the fact that it has failed scientific tests.

Prime Minister Abhisit said he did not want to confront the Army but assigned the scientists who had conducted the test to explain to the officials working on the ground to understand and stop using it.

Ok. This sham device is nothing more than a cheap plastic box, has cost us hundreds of millions of baht, has put the lives of army officers and civilians at great risk, and could lead to arrests of wrong suspects while the real criminals and terrorists freely roam the country. And the PM meekly said he “did not want to confront the army”? Outrageous.

Google Caught in Preah Vihear Dispute

tumblerblog — Thu, 11 Feb 2010 23:49:45 +0000

(photo credit: Wikimedia commons)

The Nation reports:

The Cambodian government sent a strongly-worded letter Friday to US internet giant Google, complaining that its online Google Earth map incorrectly places parts of the 11th century Preah Vihear temple in Thailand.

[...]

Friday’s letter called on Google to withdraw the map, calling its demarcation of the border “radically misleading and totally misguided” for showing “almost half of the temple in Thailand.”

And Xinhua has a follow-up report:

Google wrote to Cambodian government and said the company is going to review a map of the 11th built century temple of Preah Vihear, where the temple’ s annex is also claimed by Thailand.

The letter, which was seen on Wednesday, said “we are carefully reviewing the Government of Cambodia’s objection regarding the depiction of Cambodian borders in Google Earth, and we plan to respond to your letter more fully in the very near future.”

So what will Thailand do if Google agrees to amend the border line?

No related posts.

Red Shirts: All About Money and Thaksin?

tumblerblog — Thu, 11 Feb 2010 01:18:31 +0000

(Photo credit: wikipedia)

At least that is what the government seems to think. In fact, it is fair to say that many anti-Thaksin people share this assumption that the reds are nothing but mindless, greed-driven mercenaries who are in it only for the ex-PM’s money. The best way to suppress the reds, according to this theory, is simply to cut off the money supply from him. Bangkok Pundit wrote the other day:

Like the yellows before them, the red shirts have created a movement which is not going away soon. There seems to be this view, as articulated by Korn of the Democrats, is that the red shirts are like a house of cards and that if you take away Thaksin’s money it will all fall down. This would have been a fair assessment to make back in 2007, but BP has heard and seen more than ample evidence that the red shirts have created a movement which is self-funding for many events (this is not to say that Thaksin and others do not fund some activities such as trips to Dubai etc).

It appears that Korn’s view is also shared by government spokesman Panithan Wattanayakorn, whose latest attack on the reds predictably centres on the issue of money. Bangkok Post reports:

Acting government spokesman Panithan Wattanayakorn said on Tuesday that money had been transferred from overseas into the bank accounts of key members of the red-shirt people group over the past two and three months. An old soldier had also carried money into the country via Suvarnabhumi airport, he claimed.

Panithan and Co. could not have been more mistaken, as Thitinan Pongsudhirak argues in the Bangkok Post:

The pro-Abhisit coalition has been effective at dissembling and marginalising opposing views. The PAD, in particular, are expert assassins of character, cowing and intimidating those who want to activate and broaden the middle ground for a way forward, into silence. If they cannot see the reds beyond Thaksin and his assets, Thailand will see much more pain and grief in store. What the government spokesman should be telling his bosses and backers is not how to suppress the reds in a three-pronged strategy from local authorities to the draconian Internal Security Act and military-run Emergency Decree, but how to listen to these reds and wean them off Thaksin.

My suggestion: perhaps the government should consider replacing Panithan with Thitinan to boost its own chance of survival.

More Red-Shirt Infighting: Jatuporn vs Panlop

tumblerblog — Mon, 08 Feb 2010 15:46:35 +0000

Peua Thai MP and red-shirt key man Jatuporn Promphan (photo credit: Thai-blogs.com)

With only less than three weeks to go until the potentially earth-shattering assets ruling, the last thing ex-PM Thaksin needs now is infighting within ‘his’ army of red shirts. Yet, after a meeting in Dubai attended by some of the most unsavoury individuals in the movement, it seems the red shirts are once again preoccupied with internal bickering.

First, perhaps immediately after the Dubai gathering, Peua Thai member General Panlop declared that the red shirts would be establishing an armed splinter group. From The Nation:

In a telephone interview on Wednesday, Panlop said that the red shirts, with Thaksin’s blessing, had agreed to form the new armed wing and that Chavalit would lead the red shirts to victory. In the same interview, Khattiya said the organisational structure of the opposition movement was now complete with Pheu Thai as the party, the red shirts as its front and the new unit as its armed force. Many are reminded by that structure of the communist insurgency during the Cold War.

However, it did not take long for leading figures in the Thaksin camp to come out and deny Panlop’s claim. General Chavalit in AsiaOne:

Pheu Thai Party chairman Chavalit Yongchaiyudh yesterday brushed off news reports that he was poised to become the supreme commander of the People’s Army for Democracy under His Majesty the King, a newly formed offshoot of the red shirts.

“I resumed my political activities because I aspire to bring about social unity, and peace by peaceful means,” he said.

Chavalit rigorously denied condoning a violent struggle designed to trigger political changes.

But perhaps the most forceful rebuttal came from red-shirt key leader Jatuporn Promphan, who said that “the planned establishment of the people’s army is not related to the Red Shirts” and that “the idea did not represent the view of the Red Shirts” (source).

Gen Panlop’s response was predictably bitter. The 73-year-old told the press that he would end his involvement with the reds. MCOT reports:

A staunch supporter of convicted former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra on Friday said he would not join any move with the anti-government Red Shirts activists after his idea about the people’s army was shunned by its key leader.

Gen Panlop Pinmanee, retired deputy chief of the Internal Security Operations Command (ISOC) and a member of the opposition Puea Thai Party, announced his decision after key leader of United Front for Democracy against Dictatorship (UDD) Jatuporn Prompan had said the planned establishment of the people’s army is not related to the Red Shirts.

Yet there seems to be much more in this friction than mere differences of opinion. The latest report in Matichon reveals that Jatuporn has never fully trusted Gen Panlop:

[My rough translation]

When asked by reporters on whether he had consulted former PM Thaksin Shinnawatra about his decision not to apologise Gen Panlop, Jatuporn replied that he had already been in touch with Thaksin and Thaksin also wanted to see an end to this matter. All these people used to side with those who wanted to kill Thaksin. Nobody knew their true purpose of being here with the reds.

[Original]

ผู้สื่อข่าวถามว่า ได้หารือกับพ.ต.ท.ทักษิณ ชินวัตร อดีตนายกฯ ถึงการตัดสินใจไม่ขอโทษ พล.อ.พัลลภ หรือยัง นายจตุพร กล่าวว่า ตนได้สื่อสารกับพ.ต.ท.ทักษิณแล้ว และพ.ต.ท.ทักษิณ ก็ต้องการจะเคลียร์ทุกอย่างให้จบเหมือนกัน เพราะคนพวกนี้เคยอยู่ฝั่งที่จะฆ่าพ.ต.ท.ทักษิณ มาทั้งนั้น ไม่รู้เลยว่า ที่เข้ามาอยู่ที่นี่ใครจัดวางใครมาอย่างไร

Well, is anyone really surprised by all this?

Borwornsak: “Thai Political Situation: Wherefrom and Whereto?”

tumblerblog — Mon, 08 Feb 2010 02:00:25 +0000

What Thailand needs now is not only a political reform process to resolve the political differences and find a democratic system acceptable to all sides, one that allows people to have their voices heard and hold those they elect accountable, and is resistant to manipulation for private gain. It needs more comprehensive reform that will correct the ingrained structural imbalances in Thai society that have prevented the majority of the people from having their fair share in national resources and wealth and effectively kept the patronage system alive. Then these people would no longer have to depend on politicians and their economic populism, which tends to involve reckless, fiscally unsustainable policies drawing on uncertain future money without thinking about long-term consequences. This must also includes [sic] efforts to enhance people’s awareness that their right to vote should be coupled with the responsibility and ability to hold their elected representatives accountable.

- Extracted from Borwornsak Uwanno, Thai Political Situation: Wherefrom and Whereto?

The full paper is embedded below.

(Click “read the rest of this entry” to see it.)

Borwornsak Uwanno – Thai Political Situation Wherefrom and Whereto

The Hardliners

tumblerblog — Wed, 03 Feb 2010 20:22:50 +0000

(photo credit: Thaienews)

This photo, purportedly taken in Dubai on 3 February, shows Thaksin Shinnawatra being surrounded by some of his most trusted henchmen. Clockwise from top left: Gen Panlop Pinmanee, Thaksin, Major Gen Kattiya Sawasdiphol, Suporn Attawong, and Arisman Pongruangrong.

Each of these Thaksin loyalists is known to be inclined, albeit to varying degrees, to use violence in order to achieve whatever goals he has in mind. They can be considered members of the “hawkish” wing of the Thaksin camp. The 73-year-old Panlop was, for a while, linked with the car bomb plot to assassinate Thaksin in 2006 (yes I know, the crazy world of Thai politics). Denying his involvement, he famously declared, “If I had wanted to kill him, the prime minister [Thaksin] would not have escaped.”

Could this gathering of hardliners in Dubai be a sign of things to come?

Prof Borwornsak: “Lèse-Majesté Law Consistent with Human Rights Principle”

tumblerblog — Tue, 02 Feb 2010 07:02:42 +0000

During the weekend, Prof Borwornsak Uwanno made a visit to the UK to speak at a seminar at SOAS (organised by the Thai Embassy) as well as at the Samaggi Academic Conference the following day. New Mandala has already put up a report on the SOAS event. Copies of a booklet written by him were also distributed at both events.

The booklet, titled “Lèse-Majesté: A Distinctive Character of Thai democracy amid the Global Democratic Movement”, is basically a collection of Borwornsak’s earlier essays in defence of the LM law in Thailand. The essays first appeared in the Bangkok Post a while back (see here, here, and here) and there seems to be no alterations made in the booklet version. Nonetheless, for those of you who have not read them yet, you can get a general idea of his argument from the extract below.

Conclusion and Recommendations

As a Thai and a lawyer, this author believes that the three groups of insult and defamation laws in Thailand, including the lese majeste law, are consistent not only with the principles of international law and constitutional monarchy, as well as with the principle of criminology on criminalisation of acts in accordance with democratic principles. They also place limitations on freedom of expression which reflect the ethical and cultural norms that most Thais adhere to, and which are not inconsistent with the human rights principles enshrined in the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

[...]

As the Buddhist law of impermanence states, everything, the lese majeste offence included, arises, exists and perishes, as the society’s ethical and cultural norms evolve also in accordance with this same Buddhist law. Nothing is permanent. “The only permanent thing is impermanence.”

- Extracted from Borwornsak Uwanno (2009). Lèse-Majesté: A Distinctive Character of Thai democracy amid the Global Democratic Movement, Nontaburi: King Prajadhipok’s Institute.

TumblerBlog.com - A Thai political and current affairs blog

Thais’ Distrust of the Uneducated Runs Deep

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